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汗证新议(1)
http://www.100md.com 2017年2月15日 《世界中医药》 20174
     摘要出汗是一种人体生理现象,汗出过多则是种病理表现,老年人尤为常见。自古中医对汗证即有详细论述,根据其不同特点分别以自汗、盗汗、脱汗、战汗、黄汗、手足心汗等論治,现今多从自汗和盗汗辨治。我们基于自身临床实践经验和近年来相关研究资料,认识到汗证具自身独特概念、涉及到非常丰富的内涵,辨治路径和用药与古代中医所论均有异同,故而新议汗证,更新其病名及定义,并将汗证分为重症虚汗、慢病久汗和单纯性多汗论治,并浅述现代医学对多汗症的认识,以供临床诊治时病症相参、思路清晰、衷中参西、提高疗效,并为今后沟通交流、深入研究搭建平台。此仅属抛砖引玉,共同道参考指正。

    关键词汗证;中医认识;辨证辨病分型;西医概述

    AbstractSweating is a physiological phenomenon of human,but excessive sweating is a kind of pathological manifestations,which is particularly common in the elderly.Perspiration syndrome is discussed in detail in the traditional Chinese medicine since ancient times,and according to different characteristics there are spontaneous sweat and night sweat,sweating of dying,sweating after shivering,yellow sweat and sweating of palms and soles,now treating from spontaneous sweat and night sweat.We recognize that perspiration syndrome is with its unique concept and involves lots of content based on our own experiences and clinical research in recent years,and paths of treatment and use of drugs are different from the theory of ancient Chinese medicine,so we discuss perspiration syndrome newly and update its name and definition,dividing into severe sweat,long sweat in chronic disease and simple excessive sweating.It is to improve clinical curative effect by treatment of illness in a coherent,clear thinking,and integrating Chinese and western medicine through brief discussion of understanding of hyperhidrosis in modern medicine and to build a platform for future communication and deep research.

    Key WordsPerspiration syndrome;Knowledge of Chinese traditional medicine;Syndrome and disease differentiation treatment;Western medicine overview

    中图分类号:R241文献标识码:Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-7202.2017.04.061

    出汗是一种正常的生理现象,人体通过汗液的排出来调节体温、排出体内部分毒素。《素问·阴阳别论》曰“阳加于阴谓之汗”。汗由阳气蒸化发泄于腠理而形成,润泽肌肤,调和营卫,清除废秽,正如《灵枢·五癃津液别》所言“天暑衣厚,则腠理开,故汗出”,生理性的汗液排泄可调节机体阴阳平衡,出汗是机体生理活动的一部分。出汗过多则是一种病理状态,是多种因素作用于机体的结果。

    中医定义汗证为“阴阳失调,营卫不和,腠理开阖不利而引起汗液外泄的病证”。关于汗证,《素问·经脉别论》云:“故饮食饱甚,汗出于胃;惊而夺精,汗出于心;持重远行,汗出于肾;疾走恐惧,汗出于肝;摇体劳苦,汗出于脾。”《伤寒论》对于汗证也已有了较为详尽的论述,记载有自汗、盗汗、头汗、手足心汗、黄汗5种情况,在论治上分为营卫不和、阳明热盛、阳明热结、湿热互结、肾阳虚弱、水气互结、阴阳两虚等[1]。《张氏医通·杂门》则按出汗部位论述,有头汗、手足汗、阴汗、半身出汗、腋汗等。中医诊断学[2]将汗证分为自汗、盗汗、脱汗、战汗等。国家中医药管理局“中医病证诊断疗效标准”[3]将汗证分为肺卫不固、营卫不和、阴虚火旺、气阴两虚4种证型。

    我们讨论汗证,欲想结合自身临床体会和现今对汗证的最新研究,首先明确对于汗证的新概念:汗证当指在较长一段时间内不因外界环境因素的影响、以多汗为主症的一组临床征候群。在此欲强调的是:表证汗出、桂枝汤主治之“汗”、阳明热结承气汤主治之“多汗”、通脉四逆汤所救治的“大汗”,仅为临证症候之一,并非主症,从其病机、治法、用药分析,治疗靶目标并非多汗,其应分别隶属表证、便秘和脱症范畴,而不能以汗证统论,即非汗证也。

    1启用“汗证”病名,统括汗出异常病症

    关于汗证名称,自古以来一直沿用自汗、盗汗等,而自汗、盗汗只是汗证临床症候的一种表现形式,主要表述的是出汗的特点和时间,即白昼时时汗出、动辄益甚者,称为自汗;寐中汗出,醒来汗止者,称为盗汗;启用“汗证”之名称,方可全面概括包括自汗、盗汗等在内的所有出汗异常的病症。又自汗、盗汗作为症状,既可单独出现,也多并见,更是常常出现在部分危重病症之后和一些慢性疾病过程中,故以“汗证”统称之,则不会出现偏误。, http://www.100md.com(侯丕华 王瑞茵 张晋)
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